Definition
A rough way to see it is the Rule of 72: divide 72 by the annual return rate to estimate how many years it takes to double. At a 6% return, money doubles in about 12 years.
Formula
Years to double is approximately 72 / annual return (%)
Watch out for
Fees and taxes reduce compounding. The Rule of 72 is an approximation that works best for rates between about 6% and 10%.